Confinement from Distance in Metric Space and its Relation to Cosmological Constant

We argue that, in a theory of quantum gravity, the gauge coupling and the confinement scale of a gauge theory are related to distance in the space of metric configurations, and in turn to the cosmological constant. To support the argument, we compute the gauge kinetic functions in variuos supersymmetric Heterotic and type II string compactifications and show that they depend on distance. According to the swampland program, the distance between two (anti) de Sitter vacua in the space of metric configurations is proportional to the logarithm of the ratio of cosmological constants and thus the confinement scale depends on the value of the cosmological constant. In this framework, for de Sitter space, we revisit the swampland Festina Lente bound and gauge theories in the dark dimension scenario. We show that if the Festina Lente bound is realized in a de Sitter vacuum and dependence on distance is strong enough, it will be realized in vacua with higher cosmological constants. In dark dimension scenario, as the value of cosmological constant is related to the decompactifying dimension, we find that the confinement scale is indeed related to radius of dark dimension. We show that in this scenario the Festina Lente bound holds for the standard model QCD, as well as all confining gauge groups with $N_c\lesssim 10^3$.Comment: 20 pages, 2 figure

Gradual transformation of public interest theory and its status in Iranian constitution law

Public interest theory in governance and its reflection in Constitution Law are recently emerging in public law literature. Its concept and function differs country-by-country based on governing ideology of the society. Liberal states usually construe this theory by considering individual orientation and social states by society priority. The concept of public interest and the mechanism to achieve it in law and ethics philosophy in general and in Iranian Constitution in particular is a disputing discussion. We assume that any school construes public interest by its selected ideology in law philosophy and political theory. Likewise, by Iranian Constitution Law, it is perceived that respecting expediency especially "system expediency" has broad usage in governance especially upon revolution. Although respecting customary expediency does not seem so surprising

Fractality and variability in canonical and non-canonical English fiction and in non-fictional texts

This study investigates global properties of three categories of English text: canonical fiction, non-canonical fiction, and non-fictional texts. The central hypothesis of the study is that there are systematic differences with respect to structural design features between canonical and non-canonical fiction, and between fictional and non-fictional texts. To investigate these differences, we compiled a corpus containing texts of the three categories of interest, the Jena Corpus of Expository and Fictional Prose (JEFP Corpus). Two aspects of global structure are investigated, variability and self-similar (fractal) patterns, which reflect long-range correlations along texts. We use four types of basic observations, (i) the frequency of POS-tags per sentence, (ii) sentence length, (iii) lexical diversity, and (iv) the distribution of topic probabilities in segments of texts. These basic observations are grouped into two more general categories, (a) the lower-level properties (i) and (ii), which are observed at the level of the sentence (reflecting linguistic decoding), and (b) the higher-level properties (iii) and (iv), which are observed at the textual level (reflecting comprehension/integration). The observations for each property are transformed into series, which are analyzed in terms of variance and subjected to Multi-Fractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (MFDFA), giving rise to three statistics: (i) the degree of fractality ( H ), (ii) the degree of multifractality ( D ), i.e., the width of the fractal spectrum, and (iii) the degree of asymmetry ( A ) of the fractal spectrum. The statistics thus obtained are compared individually across text categories and jointly fed into a classification model (Support Vector Machine). Our results show that there are in fact differences between the three text categories of interest. In general, lower-level text properties are better discriminators than higher-level text properties. Canonical fictional texts differ from non-canonical ones primarily in terms of variability in lower-level text properties. Fractality seems to be a universal feature of text, slightly more pronounced in non-fictional than in fictional texts. On the basis of our results obtained on the basis of corpus data we point out some avenues for future research leading toward a more comprehensive analysis of textual aesthetics, e.g., using experimental methodologies

Approximate Entropy in Canonical and Non-Canonical Fiction

: Computational textual aesthetics aims at studying observable differences between aesthetic categories of text. We use Approximate Entropy to measure the (un)predictability in two aesthetic text categories, i.e., canonical fiction (‘classics’) and non-canonical fiction (with lower prestige). Approximate Entropy is determined for series derived from sentence-length values and the distribution of part-of-speech-tags in windows of texts. For comparison, we also include a sample of non-fictional texts. Moreover, we use Shannon Entropy to estimate degrees of (un)predictability due to frequency distributions in the entire text. Our results show that the Approximate Entropy values can better differentiate canonical from non-canonical texts compared with Shannon Entropy, which is not true for the classification of fictional vs. expository prose. Canonical and non-canonical texts thus differ in sequential structure, while inter-genre differences are a matter of the overall distribution of local frequencies. We conclude that canonical fictional texts exhibit a higher degree of (sequential) unpredictability compared with non-canonical texts, corresponding to the popular assumption that they are more ‘demanding’ and ‘richer’. In using Approximate Entropy, we propose a new method for text classification in the context of computational textual aesthetics

Effects of Dimethoate and Bacilar fertilizer on biochemical and immunological parameters in common carp, Cyprinus carpio

Fish exposure to agrochemicals can suppress their immune system and survival. Therefore, this study investigates adverse effects of sublethal concentrations of Dimethoate alone or combined with Bacilar (an organophosphorus pesticide and bio-fertilizer) on the innate immune parameters of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, within 14 days. No significant changes were found in levels of total protein, immunoglobulin, the activity of lysozyme and complement C3 in fish exposed to Bacilar alone; however, globulin and complement C4 level indicated a significant reduction. Fish exposure to Dimethoate alone or combined with Bacilar resulted in a decrease in the activity of ACH50, lysozyme, complement C3, C4 and levels of total protein, globulin, and immunoglobulin in compared with the control group. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that innate immune parameters decreased in fish exposed to dimethoate and/or Bacilar. As consequences: Dimethoate or/and Bacilar have the immunosuppressive effect on fish

Prominent stylistic aspects in music of Nāser Khosrow's poetry

It is axiomatic  for those who are stylistically a little familiar  about  the periods of  Persian  poetry  that  quasidas  of  Nāser-e Khosrow are totally  different  from  those  of  the  poets  in  fifth  lunar  century  both  in  terms  of  their  contents  and  technically.  This difference  is  seen  even  in  those  areas  of  his  poetry in which the poet is confided to make innovations. This paper investigates Nāser-e Khosrow's style in the field of the music of poetry. It also aims to identify his slylistic differences comparing with those of his most famous contemporaries (Onsori, Farrokhi and Manoochehri) in external, lateral and internal areas.      As the first  step, all the Nāser Khosrow's poems -exept for additions section- was considered the Scope of this study, accompanied by main parts of other three cited  poets' divans (poetical works) which consists almost 23600 distiches. For the second stage, each poet's divan were separatly scrutinized in three fields of the music of poetry. The frequency of each cases were recorded and after comparing statistics related to Nāser-e Khosrow's poems with other tree poets,  stylistic charachteristics of his poetry were explored. Statistical information related to the poets were generally recorded in a table and some parts of them were shown in a bar graph. It seems necessary to note that the researcher considered two items of  innovation and frequncy in all phases of the study.     Most of the studies done in the field of Nāser-e Khosrow's music of poetry, investigated the prosody and meter of his poetry. Most of these studies considered difficulty and relevancy as the important prosodic characteristics of  his poetry. Regarding the lateral and internal areas of Nāser-e Khosrow's poetry, there are not much argument proposed except for using difficult rhymes and nominal radifs ( for lateral music of poetry) and attending to figures of speech which are based on some types repetition ( for internal music of poetry).     In this paper, musical characteristics of Nāser-e Khosrow's poetry were classified into three sections comparing with those of the three above cited poets: A) in prosody or external area, main characteristics of his style were concluded into two items: 1) using rare meters, and 2) pause in meter, which is one of the main factors for making his quasidas' meters unpleasant. One reason for this could be "poetic emotions".  It means that the meter of Nāser-e Khosrow's poetry is not a selective act. It is related directly to his emotions and this is one reason for his metric differences in comparison to those of other poets. His emotions are mirrored in his poetical meters and because his emotions are different from others', his used meters are different from others'. So that the reason for pauses or his unpleasant meters in his poems was related to his different emotions. Another reason for using unpleasant and difficult meters was that Nāser-e Khosrow avoided kings' courts (as an incentive for using pleasant meters for other contemporaries). Besides, attention and emphasis on such topics as advice, asceticism, and criticism influenced on the type of used meters and quality of  meter selection by Nāser-e Khosrow. B) in lateral area of  Nāser-e Khosrow's music of poetry, the only point to be noticed is using non-verb radifs more than his contemporaries. C) Considering the internal area of Nāser-e Khosrow's music of poetry, the most important characteristics of his poetry style is ample using of such devices as alliteration, assonance, and some types of pun. But one important point about pun in his poetry is in special use of that as a pivot for satire, criticism and lampoon

Recombinant expression and purification of functional vascular endothelial growth factor-121 in the baculovirus expression system

AbstractObjectiveTo express human vascular endothelial growth factor121 (VEGF121) in insect cells.MethodsA gene construct containing VEGF was cloned in the pFastBac-HTA vector, followed by transformation in DH10BAC. The recombinant bacmid was then extracted, and transfected into Sf9 insect cells. The transfected cells were harvested, and then VEGF expression was confirmed by western blotting using specific antibodies. The tube formation assay was used for functional assessment of VEGF.ResultsOur results showed that VEGF could be successfully expressed in the baculovirus system. Purified VEGF was able to stimulate in vitro tube formation of human endothelial cells.ConclusionsResults from this study demonstrated that the recombinantly-produced VEGF can be considered as a promising candidate for therapeutic purposes

Comparison of mechanical properties in interference screw fixation technique and organic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction method: a biomechanical study

© 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Background Bone and Site Hold Tendon Inside (BASHTI) technique is an organic implant-less technique for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with some clinical advantages, such as speeding up the healing process, over implantable techniques. The study aims to compare the mechanical properties of BASHTI technique with the conventional interference screw technique. Methods To investigate the mechanical properties, 20 in-vitro experimental tests were conducted. Synthetic dummy bone, along with fresh digital bovine tendons, as a graft, were used for experiments. Three loading steps were applied to all specimens, including a preconditioning, a main cyclic, and a pull-out loading. Results The mechanical characters of an interference screw technique using an 8 mm tendon diameter, including fixation strength, average cyclic stiffness (ACS), and average pull-out stiffness (APS) were found to be 439 ± 132 N, 10.3 ± 5.3 kN/mm, and 109 ± 40 N/mm, respectively. In the case of an interference screw using a 9 mm tendon, the fixation strength, ACS, and APS were obtained 549 ± 87 N, 10.3 ± 4.7 kN/mm, and 91 ± 13 N/mm, respectively. In parallel, the fixation strength, APS, and ACS of BASHTI technique using an 8 mm tendon were 360 ± 123 N, 3.3 ± 0.6 kN/mm, and 79 ± 27 N/mm, respectively, while, for 9 mm tendon 278 ± 103 N, 2.4 ± 1.2 kN/mm, and 111 ± 40 N/mm, were reported for fixation strength, APS, and ACS respectively when BASHTI technique was used. Conclusion About 50% of interference screw samples showed superior mechanical properties compared to BASHTI technique, but in another half of the samples, the differences were not significant (N.S.). However, due to organic advantages of BASHTI technique and lower cost, it could be used as a substitute for interference screw technique, especially where fast recovery is expected.Peer reviewe